{"id":149,"date":"2011-11-03T18:55:11","date_gmt":"2011-11-03T18:55:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.evietsolaki.com\/tmp\/?p=149"},"modified":"2026-02-24T15:11:25","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T13:11:25","slug":"%ce%b1%ce%bc%ce%ad%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b1-%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%ac-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%ac%cf%83%ce%ba%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b5%cf%80%ce%b1%ce%b3%ce%b3%ce%ad%ce%bb%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.evietsolaki.com\/en\/2011\/11\/%ce%b1%ce%bc%ce%ad%ce%bb%ce%b5%ce%b9%ce%b1-%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%ac-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%ac%cf%83%ce%ba%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%b5%cf%80%ce%b1%ce%b3%ce%b3%ce%ad%ce%bb%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0391\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211; \u039f\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd (\u0399\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2005)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0391\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0395\u0399\u0391 \u039a\u0391\u03a4\u0391 \u03a4\u0397\u039d \u0391\u03a3\u039a\u0397\u03a3\u0397 \u0395\u03a0\u0391\u0393\u0393\u0395\u039b\u039c\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u03a3<br>(\u0395\u0399\u0394\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a4\u0395\u03a1\u0391 \u03a4\u03a9\u039d \u039d\u039f\u03a3\u0397\u039b\u0395\u03a5\u03a4\u03a9\u039d)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. \u039f \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b1)<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b2)<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac. (1) \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 51, \u03b5\u03b4.1 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6.148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. (2) \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 51, \u03b5\u03b4. 2 (\u03b5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 51 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 29 (1) (\u03b3) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 14\/60. (3) \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03ac\u03b9\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (1989) 1 C.L.R, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 50<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Lord Atkins \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) Appeal Case 562, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb.580, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. (4) \u00ab\u0391\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u00bb \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0388\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba. \u039c\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7 \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf \u039b\u03c4\u03b4 \u03bd. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb, \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1.\u00bb (5) \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf \u039b\u03c4\u03b4 \u03bd. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03ae\u03bb, (1989) 1 \u0391.\u0391.\u0394, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 453<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3. 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\u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 Ashcroft v. Mersey Regional Health Authority (1983) 2 All E.R. \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 245. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb (6) \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3. \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03ac\u03b2\u03b2\u03b1 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7 \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 (1997), 1 \u0391.\u0391.\u0394, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 614<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. (7) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 51, \u03b5\u03b4. 1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b1)<\/strong> \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. (8) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 (bereavement) (9) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 7 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 10.000 (10) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 9 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (11) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 15 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9. (12) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 17 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (3) \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (13) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58, \u03b5\u03b4. 20 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b2) <\/strong>\u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 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(14) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 57\u0391, \u03b5\u03b4. 1(\u03b1) \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b1)<\/strong> \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b2)<\/strong> \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. (15) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 65 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 8% \u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2. (16) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 58\u0391 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0392\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac. (17) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 55 (\u03b1) \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae Res Ipsa Loquitor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 Lloyde v. West Midland Gas Board \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b1)<\/strong> \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b2)<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. (18) (1971) All E.R. 1240, 1246<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Res Ipsa Loquitor \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 (\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c6\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Res Ipsa Loquitor \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Res Ipsa Loquitor \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. (19) \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba.\u03b1. \u03bd. \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb. \u0395\u03c6. 11116, 23.10.2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 Res Ipsa Loquitor \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. (20) \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd. \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 (1997) 1 \u0391.\u0391.\u0394. 614<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 Res Ipsa Loquitor, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ce\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b1)<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae novus actus interveniens:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2. (21) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 56 (\u03b1) \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 10510, 10507 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 10508, \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 16.10.2001 \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd The Oropesa (1943) 1 All ER 211 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf \u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u2026 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Impress (worcester) Ltd v. Rees (1971) 2 All ER, 357 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u2026 \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03ba\u03bf\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b2)<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b5\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. (22) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 56 (\u03b2) \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(\u03b3)<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u2019\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c9\u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd. (23) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 59 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac. (24) \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 57, \u03b5\u03b4. 1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u039a\u03b5\u03c6. 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac 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